What does characterization refer to in literature?

Characterization is a fundamental concept in literature that pertains to the methods an author uses to convey the personality, traits, and motivations of characters within a narrative. This process allows readers to understand characters on a deeper level, making them more relatable and compelling. Through various techniques, such as direct description, dialogue, actions, and interactions with other characters, an author crafts a vivid image of who the character is.

In contrast to the options provided, the use of dialogue focuses primarily on how characters communicate rather than on the broader aspects of their personality. The arrangement of events deals with plot structure, while the theme pertains to the underlying message or purpose of the story. Characterization, specifically, allows for a richer exploration of character dynamics and emotional depth within a literary work.